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Practical No. 2 : RIP Configuration in Cisco Packet Tracer

1. Open Cisco Paket Tracer

2. Now drag 2 Generic End Devices (PC), 2 generic switch and 2 generic routers

3. Now connect the PC to the switch and the switch to the router and both the router to
each other as shown in the picture below. (Using Automatically Choose connection type)

4. Click on PC0, go to Desktop and then go to IP Configuration

5. Now, Enter the following details and close the machine
IP Adress - 192.168.1.2
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway - 192.168.1.1

6. Now same for the PC1, Enter the following details and close the machine
 IP Adress - 192.168.2.2
 Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
 Default Gateway - 192.168.2.1

7. Now click on Router0 > fastEthernet 0/0, go the Config tab then go to fastEthernet0/0 and enter the
following details and click "On" and close the tab.
IP Address - 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0

8. Now same for Router1 > fastEthernet 0/0 , enter the following details, click "On" and close the tab.

IP Address - 192.168.2.1

Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0

9. Now click on the Router0, go to Serial2/0 and enter the following details, then click
"On" and close the tab
Clock Rate - 64000
IP Address - 10.10.0.2
Subnet Mask - 255.0.0.0

10. Now, same with the Router1, go to Serial2/0 and enter the following details, then click
"On" and close the tab
Clock Rate - Not Set
IP Address - 10.10.0.3
Subnet Mask - 255.0.0.0

11. Click on Router0, go to RIP tab and enter the following network addresses and
click add 192.168.1.0 & 10.0.0.0

12. Now go to Settings  of Router 0 and click on save in front of NVRAM and close the tab

13. Now same with the Router1, go to RIP tab and enter the following network addresses
and click add 192.168.2.0 & 10.0.0.0

14. Now go to Settings Router 0 and click on save in front of NVRAM and close the tab

Practical No. 3 : Configure IP Routing using OSPF routing protocol

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer

2. Select 2 Routers (1841), 2 Switch 2950-24 & 4 PC (Generic)

3. Now using automatically choose Connection Type wire connect the devices as per
given below
PC0 to Switch0
PC1 to Switch0
PC2 to Switch1
PC3 to Switch1
Switch0 to Router0
Switch1 to Router1
Router0 to Router1

4. Click on PC0 and enter the details as per the image in the IP Configuration tab

IP Adress - 192.168.1.2
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway - 192.168.1.4

DNS Server - 0.0.0.0

5. Now perform same for PC1 and enter the details as per the image

IP Adress - 192.168.1.3
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway - 192.168.2.4
DNS Server - 0.0.0.0
6. Now perform same for PC2 and enter the details as per the image
IP Adress - 192.168.1.4
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway - 192.168.3.4
DNS Server - 0.0.0.0
7. Now perform same for PC3 and enter the details as per the image
IP Adress - 192.168.1.5
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway - 192.168.4.4
DNS Server - 0.0.0.0
8. Now click on Router0 > FastEthernet0/0 and enter the details as per the given image
IP Adress - 192.168.1.4
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
9. Now open the FastEthernet0/1 tab of the Router0 and enter the details as per the given
image
IP Adress - 192.168.3.2
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
10. Now click on Router1 and enter the details given in the image
 for FastEthernet0/0
IP Adress - 192.168.2.4
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
11. Now open the FastEthernet0/1 tab of the Router1 and enter the
 details as per the given image
IP Adress - 192.168.3.3
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
12. Now check the configuration for the PC is done correctly or not
 by sending some data packets from the PC to the Router
13. Now click on Router0 and go to the CLI tab and enter exit till you get the following tab
After this press enter
14. Now enter the following commands in the CLI 

enable 
configure terminal 
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

exit

And then close the tab
Now perform the same steps in Router1 by entering the CLI tab and enter the following
commands

enable
configure terminal
router ospf 2
network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

exit

15. Now wait for few seconds and then try to send the packets from one PC to another
PC and if packets are sent successfully then the OSPF Protocol is working
successfully.

16. You can also see the packets transferring in the simulation by clicking capture and
forward button.

Practical No. 5 : To configure and implement an Access Control
List (ACL) on a router to block specific IP addresses from
accessing a network, ensuring network security and traffic
control.

1: Open Cisco Packet Tracer

2. Now select a Router (2621XM), a switch (2950T-24), 3 PC’s & a server (Server-PT).

3. Now with the help of Copper Straight-Through wire connect 

the PC’s to the Switch (USE Copper Straight-Through),

pc0 > fastEthernet 0  > switch 0 > fastEthernet 0/1

pc1> fastEthernet 0  > switch 0 > fastEthernet 0/2
pc2> fastEthernet 0  > switch 0 > fastEthernet 0/3

the switch to the Router (USE Copper Straight-Through),

Switch0 > fastEthernet 0/4 > Router0 > fastEthernet 0/0

then with the help of Copper Cross-Over wire connect the Router to the Server.

4 .Now click on PC0 and go to desktop then IP Configuration and enter the following details

IP Address: 192.168.10.1
Default Gateway: 192.168.10.10

DNS Server : 0.0.0.0

Now same for the PC1 enter the following details and close the tab
IP Address: 192.168.10.2
Default Gateway: 192.168.10.10

DNS Server : 0.0.0.0

Also same for the PC2 enter the following details and close the tab
IP Address: 192.168.10.3
Default Gateway: 192.168.10.10

DNS Server : 0.0.0.0

5. Now click on the Router and open the CLI and enter the following commands in the terminal

enable
configure terminal
interface FastEthernet 0/0
ip address 192.168.10.10  255.255.255.0
no shutdown

And now close the tab

Now press enter and enter the following commands

exit
interface FastEthernet 0/1
ip address 10.10.10.10 255.0.0.0
no shutdown

6. Now click on Server, go to desktop and then go to IP configuration and enter the
 following details and close the tab

IP Address: 192.168.10.11
Default Gateway: 10.10.10.10

DNS Server : 0.0.0.0

7. Now again go to the router and open the CLI and enter the following commands

enable
configure terminal
ip access-list standard 11
deny host 192.168.10.2
permit any
exit
interface FastEthernet 0/0
ip access-group 11 in
exit

8. Now enter the following commands to check the access list which host IP has access
and which not.

show access-list

9. Now go to the PC1 > command prompt and try to ping the server by entering “ping
10.10.10.11”, you will notice it will give you “Destination host unreachable” error
since the router have denied the access of PC1 to connect to the Server

10. Now go to the PC0 > command prompt and try to ping the server by entering “ping
10.10.10.11”

11. Send empty packet from 

pc0 > pc1

pc1 > pc2

pc2 > pc0

Practical No. 7 : Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
and Communication Principles

1. Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of compact, self-sufficient sensor nodes that
detect and relay information wirelessly. These networks are extensively employed in areas
such as ecological monitoring, precision farming, medical tracking, defense
reconnaissance, and smart industry systems.

2. Elements of a Sensor Node
Every sensor node in a WSN generally includes the following parts:
 Sensing Unit: Gathers environmental data (e.g., temperature, pressure, movement).
 Processing Unit: A microcontroller responsible for data handling and transmission
control.
 Communication Module: Wireless transmitter-receiver (Zigbee, Wi-Fi, LoRa, or
Bluetooth) for communication.
 Power Source: Battery or energy-harvesting mechanism for sustaining node
operations.

3. WSN Network Framework
 A standard WSN is structured in a hierarchical manner, including:
 Sensor Nodes: Capture and relay data to higher tiers.
 Cluster Heads: Aggregate and forward information from multiple sensor nodes.
 Base Station (Sink Node): Gathers and interprets data across the network.
 End Users: Receive processed data, which can be analyzed through dashboards or
automated systems.

4. Data Transmission in WSN
 WSN nodes utilize wireless methods and routing strategies for effective data
 communication. The transmission in WSNs falls into:
 Single-Hop Communication: Nodes directly transmit data to the sink node when
within range.
 Multi-Hop Communication: Data is passed via intermediate nodes if the sink node is
beyond direct reach.
 Broadcast & Unicast Communication: Nodes can either send data to multiple nodes or
target a specific recipient.

5. Categories of WSN Communication Protocols
 WSNs employ different protocols to optimize data transmission:
 Routing Protocols: LEACH (cluster-based), AODV (on-demand routing), PEGASIS
(chain-based).
 MAC Protocols: SMAC, TMAC (power-efficient communication).
 Transport Protocols: TCP/UDP for dependable or rapid data exchange.

6. Issues in WSN Communication
 Energy Constraints: Limited battery power in sensor nodes.
 Latency in Data Transfer: Due to multi-hop routing and signal disruptions.
 Security Vulnerabilities: Prone to risks such as data breaches and node takeovers.
7. Use Cases of WSN
 Precision Farming: Observing soil conditions and weather patterns.
 Healthcare Tracking: Wireless patient vital sign monitoring.
 Smart Industry Systems: Supervising equipment and environmental parameters.
 Disaster Response: Early warnings for earthquakes, floods, and wildfires.

Conclusion:
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are fundamental in numerous practical scenarios,
facilitating remote data collection and automation. Effective communication among sensor
nodes depends on diverse protocols and frameworks to optimize data transfer while
conserving power. Mastering WSN communication strategies is key to building dependable
and scalable systems.